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| 1890 | PERRIN 1895 Observation that cathode rays are the flow of negatively charged particles. |
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| 1900 | BECQUEREL 1900 Confirmation of the γ radioactivity. |
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| PLANCK 1900 Discovery of a new formula for the energy spectrum of the black body radiation, Planck's radiation law. | |
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| PLANCK 1900B Quantum hypothesis and explanation of the black body radiation spectrum. Beginnings of the quantum era in physics. | |
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| PLANCK 1901 Quantum hypothesis and final version of Planck's formula for the black body radiation spectrum. | |
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| LEBEDEV 1901 First experimental evidence for pressure of the light on the solid bodies. | |
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| EINSTEIN 1905 Explanation of the photoelectric effect with use of the quantum hypothesis of Planck. Light is a flow of corpuscular objects with definite energies - Planck's quanta of energy. | |
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| EINSTEIN 1905B Invention of the theory of special relativity. Beginnings of the relativistic era in physics. | |
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| EINSTEIN 1905C Invention of the theory of special relativity, E = mc2. Beginnings of the relativistic era in physics. | |
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| STARK 1909 First explicit identification of the photon as a genuine elementary particle possessing both energy and momentum. | |
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| 1910 | RUTHERFORD 1911 Evidence for the atomic nucleus. Rutherford model for atomic structure. |
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| BOHR 1913 Invention of the quantum theory of atomic spectra based on the Rutherford model of atomic structure - Bohr's atom. | |
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| BOHR 1913B Bohr's quantum theory of atomic spectra. Evidence that radioactivity is a nuclear property. | |
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| RUTHERFORD 1913 Confirmation of the existence of atomic nuclei. First indication of the existence of the proton. | |
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| RUTHERFORD 1919 Discovery of the proton. Evidence for the proton as a constituent of the nucleus. | |
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| 1920 | RUTHERFORD 1920 Rutherford neutron hypothesis. |
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| CHADWICK 1921 Evidence for the strong interactions. | |
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| FERMI 1926B Invention of statistics for ensembles of particles obeying Pauli principle - Fermi-Dirac quantum statistics. | |
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| 1940 | FERMI 1943 First Fermi nuclear reactor. Beginning of atomic energy era. |
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| 1950 | HEISENBERG 1952 Prediction of rising total hadronic cross sections. |
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| GERSHTEIN 1955 Evidence that strong interactions do not modify the vector coupling constant of beta decay. Analogy between electromagnetic and weak interactions. | |
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| MANDELSTAM 1958 Dispersion relation in two variables: the Mandelstam representation. | |
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