Chronology of Milestone Events in Particle Physics

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1890 BECQUEREL 1896B Evidence for spontaneous radioactivity effect.
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  BECQUEREL 1896C Confirmation of the effect of spontaneous radioactivity.
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  BECQUEREL 1896F Uranium radioactivity established.
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  THOMSON 1897 Discovery of the electron, the first elementary particle.
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  RUTHERFORD 1899 Evidence for the α and β components of uranium radiation.
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1900 PLANCK 1900 Discovery of a new formula for the energy spectrum of the black body radiation, Planck's radiation law.
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  PLANCK 1900B Quantum hypothesis and explanation of the black body radiation spectrum. Beginnings of the quantum era in physics.
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  PLANCK 1901 Quantum hypothesis and final version of Planck's formula for the black body radiation spectrum.
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  LEBEDEV 1901 First experimental evidence for pressure of the light on the solid bodies.
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  RUTHERFORD 1903 Observation that α rays are the flow of doubly positive charged particles.
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  EINSTEIN 1905 Explanation of the photoelectric effect with use of the quantum hypothesis of Planck. Light is a flow of corpuscular objects with definite energies - Planck's quanta of energy.
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  EINSTEIN 1905B Invention of the theory of special relativity. Beginnings of the relativistic era in physics.
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  EINSTEIN 1905C Invention of the theory of special relativity, E = mc2. Beginnings of the relativistic era in physics.
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  STARK 1909 First explicit identification of the photon as a genuine elementary particle possessing both energy and momentum.
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1910 MILLIKAN 1911 First conclusive measurement of the charge of the electron.
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  RUTHERFORD 1911 Evidence for the atomic nucleus. Rutherford model for atomic structure.
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  HESS 1912 Conclusive evidence for the cosmic rays.
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  WILSON 1912 Invention of the cloud chamber to visualize tracks of ionizing particles.
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  BOHR 1913 Invention of the quantum theory of atomic spectra based on the Rutherford model of atomic structure - Bohr's atom.
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  BOHR 1913B Bohr's quantum theory of atomic spectra. Evidence that radioactivity is a nuclear property.
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  RUTHERFORD 1913 Confirmation of the existence of atomic nuclei. First indication of the existence of the proton.
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  MILLIKAN 1916 First conclusive measurement of energy quantization in the photoelectric effect.
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  BOHR 1918 Bohr's invention of correspondence principle.
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  RUTHERFORD 1919 Discovery of the proton. Evidence for the proton as a constituent of the nucleus.
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1920 RUTHERFORD 1920 Rutherford neutron hypothesis.
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  CHADWICK 1921 Evidence for the strong interactions.
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  COMPTON 1923 Direct experimental confirmation that the photon is an elementary particle, the Compton effect.
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  WILSON 1923 Experimental confirmation of the ionization process predicted by Compton for a corpuscular photon.
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  BOSE 1924 Discovery of new statistical counting rules for light quanta and a new derivation of Planck's radiation law. Known as Bose-Einstein quantum statistics for particles with integer spins.
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  BORN 1925 Invention of matrix formalism for the Heisenberg quantum mechanics. Systems with one degree of freedom.
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  BORN 1926 Development of matrix formalism for the Heisenberg quantum mechanics. Systems with arbitrary many degrees of freedom.
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  FERMI 1926B Invention of statistics for ensembles of particles obeying Pauli principle - Fermi-Dirac quantum statistics.
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  DIRAC 1927 First steps in quantum field theory. Invention of the second quantization method.
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  GAMOW 1928 Explanation of α decay as a consequence of quantum-mechanical tunneling through a potential barrier.
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1930 OPPENHEIMER 1930 First evidence of ultraviolet divergences occurring in the theory of quantum electrodynamics - the self-energy of the electron.
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  DIRAC 1931 Prediction of the anti-electron (e+), anti-proton ( anti-p), and an indication of the possible existence of magnetic monopoles.
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  LAWRENCE 1931B Tests of the first cyclotron.
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  VAN DE GRAAFF 1931 Invention of the Van de Graaff electrostatic accelerator.
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  CHADWICK 1932 First evidence for the neutron.
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  UREY 1932 Evidence for the deuteron.
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  UREY 1932B Discovery of the deuteron.
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  VAN DE GRAAFF 1933 Invention of electrostatic accelerators. Further development.
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  ANDERSON 1933 Discovery of the positron, the first antiparticle, predicted by Dirac.
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  YUKAWA 1935 Yukawa field theory of nuclear forces. Prediction of heavy quanta, the pion particles, as mediators of strong interactions.
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  BREIT 1936 Breit-Wigner form of the amplitude for resonance reactions.
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  GAMOW 1936 Extension of Fermi interaction and Gamow-Teller selection rules.
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  BREIT 1936B Hypothesis of charge independence of nuclear forces.
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  CASSEN 1936 Proposal of the isotopic spin (for the nucleon).
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  WIGNER 1937 Discovery of supermultiplet structure in nuclear spectroscopy.
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  NEDDERMEYER 1937 First evidence for the muon.
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  CERENKOV 1937 Confirmation of the Frank-Tamm theory of the Vavilov- Cerenkov effect.
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  STREET 1937B Muon existence confirmation.
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  NISHINA 1937 Confirmation of the existence of the muon.
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  SCHWINGER 1937 Establishment of the neutron spin 1/2.
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  ALVAREZ 1938 First evidence for the capture of atomic electrons by the weak interaction; K-capture.
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  LAWRENCE 1939 First cyclotron for medical applications.
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  KELLOGG 1939  High-precision measurements of proton and deuteron magnetic moments.
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  ROSSI 1939 First evidence of muon decay and first estimation of its lifetime.
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1940 ALVAREZ 1940 First direct measurement of the neutron magnetic moment.
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  PAULI 1940B Theorem on the connection between spin and statistics.
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  KERST 1940 Kerst proposal for betatron accelerator.
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  RASETTI 1941 First measurement of the muon lifetime, preliminary result.
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  KERST 1941 First betatron.
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  RASETTI 1941B First measurement of the muon lifetime.
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  NERESON 1942 Confirmation of the muon exponential decay rate.
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  FERMI 1943 First Fermi nuclear reactor. Beginning of atomic energy era.
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  SCHWINGER 1948B First theoretical calculation of g-2 for the electron.
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  FEYNMAN 1948C Invention of the path integral formalism for quantum mechanics.
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  DYSON 1949 Covariant quantum electrodynamics: Equivalence between the Tomonaga-Schwinger method and the Feynman method and generalization.
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  DYSON 1949B Covariant quantum electrodynamics: Equivalence between the Tomonaga-Schwinger method and the Feynman method and generalization.
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  FEYNMAN 1949B Development of the covariant quantum electrodynamic theory. Feynman method.
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1950 HEISENBERG 1952 Prediction of rising total hadronic cross sections.
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  GERSHTEIN 1955 Evidence that strong interactions do not modify the vector coupling constant of beta decay. Analogy between electromagnetic and weak interactions.
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  MANDELSTAM 1958 Dispersion relation in two variables: the Mandelstam representation.
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Total Found Record(s): 218;

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